5/19/2023 0 Comments Demensional strings theoryHe worked for over a year, looking to develop some kind of theory to explain how the strong nuclear force (believed to bind protons and neutrons together, along with the constituent quarks and gluons inside protons and neutrons) interacted with hadrons. He wrote an extremely important paper in 1968 that sent shockwaves through the theoretical physics community, It was called " Construction of a crossing-symmetric, Regge behaved amplitude for linearly-rising trajectories.” Gabriele Veneziano is the person who developed much of the framework for what would become string theory. We've made some progress in that department, but here's a look at how it really got its start and how everything came together: String theory as a whole has many objectives: perhaps most importantly, it hopes to produce a "Theory of Everything," which includes figuring out how gravity works on a microscale. The first version of string theory starts to come together: Both are considered to be examples of a special class of quantum field theories known as gauge theories - whereby particles theoretically interact as a result of the exchange of gauge bosons: " the photon for the electromagnetic force, W and Z bosons for the weak force, and gluons for the strong force." All, in turn, help comprise the all-important Standard Model of particle physics. It and quantum electrodynamics are closely linked. QCD, which was first developed in the '70s, is what pushed the concept of the strong force to emerge. But even more disturbing was that there were so many (and ever-growing in numbers) different species of hadrons that we felt at a loss with field theory – how could we cope with so many different states in a QED-like framework? We now know how to do it and the solution is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD)." One reason was the strength of the strong coupling compared to the electromagnetic one. We had an example of a relativistic quantum theory that worked: QED, the theory of interacting electrons and photons, but it looked hopeless to copy that framework for the strong interactions. Per the Cern Courier, "In the mid-1960s we theorists were stuck in trying to understand the strong interaction. ![]() However, the finding that really kick-started research into string theory was the discovery of a strange particle called the hadron. Some, like baryons, exhibited characteristics of mass and spin (a baryon is a member of the quark and fermion family, which means it participates in one of the four forces: the strong interaction - something scientists were struggling to understand at the time). We found that these elementary particles can be broken down into their further constituent parts, like quarks. It wasn't until we started slamming particles together at extremely high speeds that we began finding and classifying all of these different types of particles - the Higgs Boson should come to mind. How can something have no size at all? And if it has mass, does the zero size mean it has infinite density?" The answer to that is no, for the record, but that's just one of the many mysteries surrounding point particles They do, however, sometimes exist in quantum states that give them mass and charge. This statement has raised more than one eyebrow. Extended particles have a size, but the boundary or exactly where an extended particle ends is fuzzy.įermi Lab ponders, "Point particles are much more bizarre and are sometimes said to have zero size. One exception is the electron.Įxtended particles don't have a well-defined surface, instead, they are more like the atmosphere of the Earth, which is the thickest near the surface of the Earth and it gets thinner with altitude. ![]() The Standard Model of Particle Physics, which is the definitive starting point to all things subatomic, tells us that every particle known to exist is an extended particle except for three: quarks, bosons, and leptons. ![]() In traditional physics, we have so-called point particles and extended particles. To understand string theory, there are several things we must explore first, beginning with quantum physics. Not all of them wind up being correct (or even in the realm of possibility), but no one should ever be able to argue that physics is boring, Perhaps one of the singularly most interesting, not to mention complex, concepts to come out of theoretical physics is string theory. Over the centuries, we have viewed the universe through many different lenses, our models and theories have shifted and given way to new, revolutionary ideas.
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